Sunday, 4 September 2022

PM — Zoom says Zoom isn’t enough for work

TL;DR

???? WHAT WE’RE TRACKING TONIGHT

Good afternoon, wonderful people. It’s a slow-ish start to this first work week of September, but we anticipate the news cycle to pick up soon.

THE BIG STORY TODAY

The Finance Ministry has laid out the executive criteria for industry players looking to benefit from the amended customs tariffs approved by the House of Representatives in June, according to a cabinet statement. The criteria varies depending on the industry in question, but the general tune requires factory and establishment owners to provide additional transparency — in the form of letters and receipts — clarifying the purpose of their imports, attached with their customs declaration forms.

THE BIG STORY ABROAD

Germany unveils EUR 65 bn relief package to cope with rising inflation and energy prices, in the midst of Europe's harshest energy crisis in decades, the Associated Press reports. The announcement comes a day after Russia indefinitely froze gas deliveries to Europe’s largest economy via its Nord stream natural gas pipeline. “Russia is no longer a reliable supplier of energy,” German Chancellor Olaf Scholz said as he announced the details of the package. The measures include a one-time payment to pensioners and students to help cover rising energy expenses and plans for a price cap on a basic amount of energy usage for families and individuals. This brings the country’s total amount of relief since the start of the Ukraine War to around EUR 100 bn, France24 reported.

The story is getting a lot of ink in the international business press, including: Bloomberg | Wall Street Journal | Reuters


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Tell us how you’re feeling about your business and the wider economy and we’ll be back with the results just in time to give you a sense of what everyone else is thinking heading into budget season.

How has 2022 been for your business? And how do you feel about what’s left of the year? Are you investing? Do you plan to hire new staff (or make cuts to your existing staff) now or in 2023? What’s the USD / EGP rate you expect to use for your 2023 budget? Where do you see your industry as a whole heading?

Make your voice heard in our Fall Reader Survey. It won’t take more than a few minutes to complete.

***


** CATCH UP QUICK on the top stories from today’s EnterpriseAM:

  • CBE, Trade Ministry mull fresh relief for importers: The Central Bank of Egypt and Trade and Industry Ministry could allow importers who are not able to retrieve a Form 4 customs document to pay six-month open letters of guarantee in exchange for the immediate release of their shipments.
  • Egypt and Greece are working on a plan to add 9.5 GW of renewable power generation capacity in Egypt for export to Greece.
  • The privatization program is still a “priority”: That was the key messaging coming from the government following a meeting between Prime Minister Moustafa Madbouly and the heads of the EGX and Financial Regulatory Authority on Thursday.

enterprise

*** It’s Inside Industry day — your weekly briefing of all things industrial in Egypt. Inside Industry focuses each Sunday on what it takes to turn Egypt into a manufacturing and export powerhouse, ranging from initial investment and planning to product distribution, through to land allocation to industrial processes, supply chain management, labor, automation and technology, inputs and exports, regulation and policy.

In today’s issue: We sit down with Arab Alloys CEO Medhat Nafei to discuss his company’s recently-announced plans to set up a EGP 1 bn ferroalloys industrial complex in the Suez Canal Economic Zone and how this complex fits into the government’s general push towards industry localization.

???? CIRCLE YOUR CALENDAR-

The German-Arab Chamber of Industry and Commerce will commemorate 70 years of German-Egyptian business and economic ties with a gala celebration on 15 September.

Our monthly list of data points to keep your eye on over the next few days and weeks:

  • Foreign reserves figures for August should be out during the first week of the month.
  • Inflation figures: Inflation data for August from Capmas will land on Saturday, 10 September. Expect the Central Bank of Egypt to follow up on Sunday, 11 September with its inflation report.
  • Interest rates: The Central Bank of Egypt’s Monetary Policy Committee meets on Thursday, 22 September to review interest rates.

☀️ TOMORROW’S WEATHER- The mercury is set to hit a high of 38°C tomorrow, with a nighttime low of 25°C, our favorite weather app tells us.

enterprise

???? FOR YOUR COMMUTE

DATA POINT- Our birth rate is declining: Egypt’s birth rate fell to 2.85 children per woman in 2021, from 3.5 in 2014, according to CAPMAS’ 2021 Health Survey (pdf). The falling number of births per woman is inching closer to the government’s target as part of its “Two is Enough” population control program, which aims to reduce the fertility rate to 2.4 children per woman by 2030.

ALSO- The number of girls aged 0-19 who have been (illegally) subjected to FGM is down to 14%, compared with 21% in 2014.


FROM THE DEPT. OF IRONY- Zoom execs don’t think a fully-remote workplace is the way to go: Working from the office remains an essential component of work life — but not to get work done, since the workplace has evolved into a social environment, Zoom executives tell the Wall Street Journal. An office’s main function now is to facilitate collaboration and build camaraderie, rather than perform productive work, they said. Companies all over the world are struggling with adjusting back to post-covid work life, as some employees head back to the office, others stay at home, and managers try to figure out how to get work done and have ideas flow even when you can’t be in the same room.

Few companies have greater financial incentives than Zoom to get the future of work right. After their once-niche product acquired a household name early in the pandemic, Zoom’s stock price skyrocketed, and the company was momentarily worth more than Exxon Mobil at its peak market capitalization of USD 159 bn last year — but has now dropped to around USD 24 bn. So far, they have learned that many people, including those at Zoom, want to work both in an office and remotely. Office work is better for team activities like meetings, training, and mentoring. In contrast, remote work is better for solitary jobs like writing, coding, and in-depth thought, Stanford University economist Nick Bloom told the WSJ.


Automakers are bringing back their most iconic models minus the carbon footprint. If super sharp, futuristic Tesla-type cars do not appeal to you, fret not. Now you can have your muscle car and be environmentally conscious too, the Washington Post reports. Ford, Volkswagen, Jaguar, and Dodge are among the big household names opting for the upgrade. Imagine charging the legendary 1960s Volkswagen bus before taking it for a spin. Exciting — but the only hiccup is the price tag, with the electrified version of the vehicle retailing at USD 65k. (A hefty price, but we’ll think of it as a long-term investment — both for the planet and our monthly fuel expenditures.)

Will it feel the same, though? Are you really driving a Dodge Charger Daytona if people don’t hear you coming? Parent company Stellantis took into account important details like engine sound and will incorporate an electronic roar for a more authentic experience.

???? ENTERPRISE RECOMMENDS

???? ON THE TUBE TONIGHT-
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Lord of the Rings fans, you will not be disappointed by Amazon Prime’s prequel: The Rings of Power is Prime Video's latest premium TV crown jewel. The first two episodes dropped over the weekend, and we are happy to report that the show is epic fantasy at its most magnificent. The series acknowledges J.R.R. Tolkien's iconic writings while still telling a compelling original story in a fictional realm that is rich in a dizzying amount of history. The drama takes place thousands of years before The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, as a group of familiar and new characters face the long-feared return of evil to Middle-earth. The series heralds the start of an illustrious era for Prime Video.

Fun fact: The Rings of Power is set to be the most expensive show ever made, costing a record-breaking USD 1 bn over five seasons, Time reported. To give you an idea of how much this money is, each episode of The Rings of Power will cost USD 89 mn. This is almost three times what each episode of Stranger Things 4 cost and almost four times what each episode of Game of Thrones prequel House of the Dragon reportedly cost HBO, according to Xfire.

Manchester United and Arsenal will face off at 5:30pm, concluding Gameweek 6 of the English Premier League. As we hit dispatch, Brighton and Leicester City are out on the field, and have been battling it out since 3pm.

Meanwhile, the Enterprise Fantasy League is heating up. If you haven’t joined yet, simply click on this link, or enter this code: 8o4sut.

La Liga: Athletic Bilbao will face Espanyol in the Spanish League shortly after we hit send at 4:15pm, while Villarreal plays against Elche at 6:30pm, and Valencia faces Getafe at 9pm.

With the return of the German Bundesliga to beIN Sports, we recommend tuning in today at 5:30pm to watch Borussia Monchengladbach play against Mainz.

Serie A: Roma faces Udinese at 8:45pm, with a chance to earn the Italian championship title if they come out on top.

????️ EAT THIS TONIGHT-

Step into a beautiful, bygone era at Villa Belle Époque’s Acacia: Amid the lush greenery of Enterprise’s neighborhood of Maadi, lies the 1920s-era boutique hotel Villa Belle Époque, home to an underrated restaurant: Acacia. The restaurant has an outdoor seating area by the pool, and an indoor area inside the villa’s lavish yet understated period decor. It’s hard not to be impressed by the venue’s unique blend of ancient history and modern Egyptian art. But let’s get to the part we all care about the most: The food. The menu boasts an array of carefully crafted international dishes, and every single one we’ve tried was exquisite. The glazed salmon was grilled to perfection, served atop a bed of spinach cream and with a side of noisette potatoes, the beef tagliatelle pasta was brimming with slow cooked beef, and the balsamic grilled chicken was a joy to devour.

???? OUT AND ABOUT-
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It’s a Latin night with Mona & Las Encantadoras at Cairo Jazz Club tonight at 9pm: You don’t want to miss this if you’re into Spanish folk, latin jazz, flamenco and gypsy tunes.

???? UNDER THE LAMPLIGHT-

The Milky Way is the juicy tell-all of our galaxy: After watching life on Earth for a few bn years, observing 100 bn people go about their daily lives, feeling somewhat lonely, and hearing its own story told by others, it’s time for the Milky Way to tell its own tale. In this simple yet astounding autobiography of the namesake galaxy, astronomer and folklorist Moiya McTier channels The Milky Way, outlining everything we know — from its origin to its inevitable demise, along with what we still don't know about this fascinating galaxy we call home. Unlike typical science books that tend to be filled with dry data, this book makes facts and figures considerably more interesting, memorable, and humorous, by weaving a tale and inventing cosmic characters.

???? GO WITH THE FLOW

The EGX30 rose 0.6% at today’s close on turnover of EGP 920.6 mn (5.3% above the 90-day average). Foreign investors were net sellers. The index is down 16.3% YTD.

In the green: Madinet Nasr Housing (+5.5%), Ezz Steel (+3.2%) and Eastern Company (+3.0%).

In the red: Rameda (-2.8%), Telecom Egypt (-1.0%) and CIB (-0.4%).

industry

PROJECT PROFILE- Arab Alloys’ industrial complex: Last month the newly-established Arab Alloys Company announced that it will invest EGP 1 bn to build a ferroalloys industrial complex in the Suez Canal Economic Zone (SCZone). The complex will produce ferrosilicon alloys, silicon manganese and silicon metal, providing the necessary raw materials for a number of industries, namely iron and aluminum. We sat with CEO Medhat Nafei to learn more about the project and what it means for the country’s industrial sector.

In detail: The complex is set to initially produce 48k tons of ferrosilicon alloy each year but could expand down the line, considering the amount of land it has been allocated and the market demand for its products, Nafei tells us. The project will be built over a five-year period, with the first two phases to be completed by 2024, during which capacity will reach 24k tons of ferrosilicon, the product of two furnaces. The complex will be the largest of its kind in the SCZone.

Advisors: Ziad Bahaa Eldin Law Office is providing legal advice on the project while EGEC has been hired as a consultant.

About Arab Alloys: The company was founded just a few weeks ago by MMC Holding, which holds a 99% stake in the company. The company markets itself as the “first privately owned company in Africa for the production of ferroalloys.” The company tapped Nafei as its chairman earlier this summer.

Globally, the demand for ferroalloys is through the roof: The global market is looking at a major ferroalloys shortage. Demand is expected to reach 8.6 mn tons by 2050 and if current global supply remains as is — 3 mn tons — it will only cover a mere 35% of market demand, Nafei said. This gap between supply and demand represents a chance for expansion and localization, thereby reducing dependence on industrial imports and tapping international markets for export, he added.

Export agreements are already in the works: “The company is currently seeking to conclude agreements with a number of potential customers with the aim of marketing its upcoming products,” he said. For example, Kuwait’s production capacity is only 12k tons of ferroalloys per year, making it an optimal market for Egyptian exports.

The ferroalloys market is expected to see exponential growth for the next several years: The global market is on track to see an annual growth of 7.1% up until 2028, when it is expected to be worth USD 73.9 bn, according to Research and Markets. This expected growth will come on the back of increasing demand for stainless steel in industries such as automotive, construction, aerospace, and certain machinery.

We have all the necessary materials for alloy manufacturing: Raw materials required for the manufacture of alloys, including quartz and silicon, are widely available in Egypt, Nafei said, adding that current investments are going towards purifying these minerals for industry use.

So where does Arab Alloys’ project stand? The company is close to acquiring the project license from the SCZone. Arab Alloys is currently in negotiations with the Electricity Ministry regarding the energy supply for the complex, Nafei said, noting that the project is ideal for exports, sitting close to the Ain Sokhna Port and the East and West Port Said Ports.

More agreements ahead: The company will soon sign a number of agreements securing the tech to be used in the complex, Nafei told us without disclosing any further details. It has also settled on an Asian company to supply the complex’s furnaces.

Who’s paying? The EGP 1 bn project will be 70% funded through bank loans and the remaining 30% will come from the company’s shareholders, according to the initial study by Anderson Finance Consulting, Nafei said, adding that the company will soon sign a financing agreement with a banking consortium. “There is a good chance we’ll be able to secure a loan at a low interest rate seeing what the market is currently seeing from a monetary policy shift and the Financial Regulatory Authority’s efforts towards providing security for the private sector,” Nafei said.

No EGX listing on the horizon: The company will not be looking at an EGX listing to help pull funds for the project, Nafei said, pointing at unstable market conditions. The EGX suffers from a major liquidity problem that needs to be addressed, he said, adding that currently all listed companies are undervalued.

The biggest challenge to industry: Energy. Europe is currently in the throes of an energy crisis and electricity prices are seeing unprecedented highs, jumping 500% in Germany, the region’s largest industrial country.

Egypt is immune to that challenge, with a large domestic surplus of electricity, Nafei said. The best way to exploit said surplus is through investing in electricity-consuming industries such as alloys and aluminum, he suggests.

More transparency is required when it comes to electricity pricing to help investors plan their projects at least ten years ahead, which will in turn help the country profit off its current surplus of natural gas and electricity, he said. “Talks about liberalizing electricity prices have caused concern among investors,” he added. Energy prices should be based on a profit and loss calculation, allowing flexible electricity prices taking into account global prices, he recommended.

Electricity prices have been a hot topic of conversation as of late: We are expecting to see electricity prices jump as the state works to restructure electricity prices by 2025. Prices will remain unchanged through 2022 but they are bound to rise with some businesses expecting to see a small increase as the rate on the 0-250 KWh band rises 2.5% to EGP 1.23/KWh.

Arab Alloys was set up as the state pushes to localize industry: The company first and foremost aims to cover local needs and reduce ferroalloy imports, then it will look to export its products to European and North African markets, the chairman said. The project has the chance to integrate with many industries — iron, aluminum and automotive — which will raise the local component in these industries. Egypt ferroalloys import bill sits at around an annual EGP 1 bn.

Self sufficiency is a “key pillar” of economic security, Nafei told us, pointing to the war on Ukraine and what it caused from shortages and the supply chain disturbances prior to that.


Your top industrial development stories for the week:

  • Gennecs is planning to set up a USD 150 mn vaccine factory in Egypt to produce 300 mn vaccines every year, making it the largest of its kind in the MENA region.
  • China could be making an entry into Egypt’s solar industry: There’s talk of Chinese players coming on board to build a major industrial complex for manufacturing solar-panel components.
  • Two new logistic zones up for grabs? An alliance of local and international companies is reportedly looking to invest EGP 5.5 bn to build an agricultural logistic zone and a logistics zone for the tourism and hospitality sectors.

???? CALENDAR

OUR CALENDAR APPEARS in two sections:

  • Events with specific dates or months are right here up top
  • Events happening in a quarter or other range of time with no specific date / month appear at the bottom of the calendar.

SEPTEMBER

September: Central Bank of Egypt’s Innovation and Financial Technology Center to launch incubator for 25 fintech startups.

September: Egyptian-German Joint Economic Committee.

September: A delegation from Germany’s Aldi will visit Egypt to look at potential investments.

September: Government to launch an international promotional campaign for Egyptian tourism.

September: Egypt will host the second edition of the Egypt-International Cooperation Forum (ICF).

4 September (Sunday): Industrial Development Authority’s deadline for companies interested in providing various services in the industrial zones in Qena and Sohag to submit a written expression of interest.

5 September (Monday): The National Dialogue board of trustees holds a meeting to set the agenda for the dialogue and choose rapporteurs for the involved committees.

5 September (Monday): OPEC+ meets to decide on production levels for October.

5-8 September (Monday-Thursday): Gastech 2022, Milan, Italy.

6-9 September (Tuesday-Friday): Gate Travel Expo 2022, El Qubba Palace, Cairo.

7-9 September (Wednesday-Friday): Second edition of Egypt-ICF at Almasa Convention Center at the New Administrative Capital + African Finance Ministers meeting to coordinate an African-led position during COP27.

8 September (Thursday): European Central Bank monetary policy meeting.

11-13 September (Sunday-Tuesday): Environment and Development Forum (EDF), InterContinental City Stars, Cairo.

14 September (Wednesday): Expedition Investments’ MTO for Domty expires.

15 September (Thursday): Deadline for B Investments to respond to Adnoc’s bid for TotalEnergies Egypt.

15 September (Thursday): Deadline to apply for the fifth phase of the export subsidy program.

15 September (Thursday): Egypt and UN-led regional climate roundtable ahead of COP27, Beirut, Lebanon.

18 September (Sunday): Deadline for brokerage firms, asset managers and financial advisors to register with the Egyptian Securities Federation.

19-22 September (Monday-Thursday): EFG Hermes One on One Conference, Dubai.

20 September (Tuesday): Fifth Egypt and UN-led regional climate roundtable ahead of COP27, Geneva, Switzerland.

20-21 September (Tuesday-Wednesday): Federal Reserve interest rate meeting.

22 September (Thursday): Central Bank of Egypt’s Monetary Policy Committee meeting.

22 September (Thursday): Deadline to submit prequalification applications for companies interested in submitting a proposal for sea water desalination projects

25-27 September (Sunday-Tuesday) A delegation of executives at Egyptian real estate companies visit Saudi Arabia to present developers with potential investments in Egypt’s real estate sector.

26–27 September (Monday-Tuesday): The Africa Women Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum (AWIEF) at the Cairo Marriott Hotel.

27-29 September (Tuesday-Thursday): Africa Renewables Investment Summit (ARIS), Cape Town, South Africa.

28-29 September (Wednesday-Thursday): The sixth edition of Arab Pensions and Social Ins. Conference in Sharm El Sheikh.

OCTOBER

October: House of Representatives reconvenes after summer recess

October: Air Sphinx, EgyptAir’s low-cost subsidiary to commence operations.

October: Fuel pricing committee meets to decide quarterly fuel prices.

1 October (Saturday): Use of Nafeza becomes compulsory for air freight.

1 October (Saturday): Start of 2022-2023 school year.

1 October (Saturday): 2022- 2023 academic year begins for public universities.

4-8 October (Tuesday-Saturday): The Chemical and Fertilizers Export Council of the Trade and Industry Ministry is organizing a trade mission to Kenya.

6 October (Thursday): Armed Forces Day, national holiday.

8 October (Saturday): Prophet Muhammad’s birthday, national holiday.

10-16 October (Monday-Sunday): World Bank and IMF annual meetings, Washington, DC.

15 October (Saturday): Cairo Metro will launch a global tender for maintenance work on the power stations and overhead catenary system of Line 1.

16-19 October (Sunday-Wednesday): Cairo Water Week 2022, Nile Ritz Carlton, Cairo.

18-20 October (Tuesday-Thursday): Mediterranean Offshore Conference, Alexandria.

27 October (Thursday): European Central Bank monetary policy meeting.

Late October-14 November: 3Q2022 earnings season.

NOVEMBER

1-2 November (Tuesday-Wednesday): Federal Reserve interest rate meeting.

3 November (Thursday): Central Bank of Egypt’s Monetary Policy Committee meeting.

3-5 November (Thursday-Saturday): Egypt Fashion Week.

4-6 November (Friday-Sunday): Autotech auto exhibition, Cairo International Exhibition and Convention Center.

6-18 November (Sunday-Friday): Egypt will host COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh.

7 November (Monday): The inauguration of the first line of the high-speed rail.

7-13 November (Mon-Sun): The International University Sports Federation (FISU) World University Squash Championships, New Giza.

21 November-18 December (Monday-Sunday): 2022 Fifa World Cup, Qatar.

DECEMBER

13-14 December (Tuesday-Wednesday): Federal Reserve interest rate meeting.

13-15 December (Tuesday-Thursday): US-Africa Leaders Summit.

15 December (Thursday): European Central Bank monetary policy meeting.

22 December (Thursday): Central Bank of Egypt’s Monetary Policy Committee meeting.

December: The Sixth of October dry port will begin operations.

December: Egypt to expand Sudan electricity link capacity to 300 MW.

JANUARY 2023

January: EGX-listed companies and non-bank lenders will submit ESG reports for the first time.

January: Fuel pricing committee meets to decide quarterly fuel prices.

1 January (Sunday): Residential electricity bills are set to rise as per the government’s six-year roadmap (pdf) to restructure electricity prices by 2025.

7 January (Saturday): Coptic Christmas.

24 January-6 February: The 54th Cairo International Book Fair, Egypt International Exhibition Center

25 January (Wednesday): 25 January revolution anniversary / Police Day.

26 January (Thursday): National holiday in observance of 25 January revolution anniversary / Police Day.

FEBRUARY 2023

11 February (Saturday): Second semester of 2022-2023 academic year begins for public universities.

13-15 February (Monday-Wednesday): The Egypt Petroleum Show (Egyps), Egypt International Exhibition Center, Cairo.

MARCH 2023

March: 4Q2022 earnings season.

23 March (Wednesday) — First day of Ramadan (TBC). Maghreb will be at 6:08pm CLT.

APRIL 2023

17 April (Monday): Sham El Nessim.

22 April (Saturday): Eid El Fitr (TBC).

25 April (Tuesday): Sinai Liberation Day.

27 April (Thursday): National holiday in observance of Sinai Liberation Day (TBC).

Late April – 15 May: 1Q2023 earnings season.

MAY 2023

1 May (Monday): Labor Day.

4 May (Thursday) National holiday in observance of Labor Day (TBC).

22-26 May (Monday-Friday): Egypt will host the African Development Bank (AfDB) annual meetings in Sharm El Sheikh.

JUNE 2023

28 June-2 July (Wednesday-Sunday): Eid El Adha (TBC).

30 June (Friday): June 30 Revolution Day.

JULY 2023

18 July (Tuesday): Islamic New Year.

20 July (Thursday): National holiday in observance of Islamic New Year (TBC).

23 July (Sunday): Revolution Day.

27 July (Thursday): National holiday in observance of Revolution Day.

Late July-14 August: 2Q2023 earnings season.

SEPTEMBER 2023

26 September (Tuesday): Prophet Muhammad’s birthday (TBC).

28 September (Thursday): National holiday in observance of Prophet Muhammad’s birthday (TBC).

OCTOBER 2023

6 October (Friday): Armed Forces Day.

Late October-14 November: 3Q2023 earnings season.

EVENTS WITH NO SET DATE

2H 2022: The inauguration of the Grand Egyptian Museum.

2H 2022: IEF-IGU Ministerial Gas Forum, Egypt. Date + location TBA.

2H 2022: The government will have vaccinated 70% of the population.

3Q 2022: Ayady’s consumer financing arm, The Egyptian Company for Consumer Finance Services, to release its first financing product.

3Q 2022: Swvl to close acquisition of Urbvan Mobility.

4Q 2022: Infinity + Africa Finance Corporation to close acquisition of Lekela Power.

4Q 2022: Electricity Ministry to tender six solar projects in Aswan Governorate.

4Q2022: Raya Holding subsidiary Aman and Qalaa Holdings’ Taqa Arabia to launch their fintech company.

End of 2022: Decent Life first phase scheduled for completion.

End of 2022: e-Aswaaq’s tourism platform will complete the roll out of its ticketing and online booking portal across Egypt.

2023: Egypt will host the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors in 2023.

1Q 2023: Adnoc Distribution’s acquisition of 50% of TotalEnergies Egypt to close.

**Note to readers: Some national holidays may appear twice above. Since 2020, Egypt has observed most mid-week holidays on Thursdays regardless of the day on which they fall and may also move those days to Sundays. We distinguish above between the actual holiday and its observance.

Enterprise is a daily publication of Enterprise Ventures LLC, an Egyptian limited liability company (commercial register 83594), and a subsidiary of Inktank Communications. Summaries are intended for guidance only and are provided on an as-is basis; kindly refer to the source article in its original language prior to undertaking any action. Neither Enterprise Ventures nor its staff assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, whether in the form of summaries or analysis. © 2022 Enterprise Ventures LLC.

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